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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have big heads with exceptionally altered strong jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they're fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretionsare a characteristic of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been easily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and large mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important part in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might farther moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut employees also take part in the social life of their colony and have certain other tasks to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from go right here becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they perform they excavate a chamber big enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the set never go outdoors and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.
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By way of instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while some emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with a great deal of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both mature ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than prior to mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant workers offer assistance.